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Estadounidense recibió condena de más de 42 años de prisión por femicidio en Colombia
El ciudadano estadounidense John Poulos recibió una 🎅 sentencia de más de 42 años de prisión por parte de un tribunal colombiano, luego de ser encontrado culpable de 🎅 femicidio agravado en el asesinato de una joven DJ colombiana llamada Valentina Trespalacios, así como por delitos de encubrimiento, alteración 🎅 o destrucción de evidencia.
El asesinato ocurrió en Bogotá en enero de 2024, y ha capturado la atención pública en Colombia 🎅 desde entonces. Antes de su muerte, Trespalacios comenzaba a tener éxito en festivales de música y había estado en una 🎅 relación romántica con Poulos desde 2024, según las cuentas de su familia y los abogados que llevaron su caso.
Fiscalía General 🎅 de Colombia demuestra que Poulos golpeó y asfixió a su pareja
La Fiscalía General de Colombia declaró en un comunicado después 🎅 del fallo que sus fiscales habían demostrado que Poulos golpeó y asfixió a su pareja, y trató de ocultar el 🎅 cuerpo.
"Los registros de las cámaras de seguridad muestran que el agresor envolvió el cuerpo de la víctima, lo ocultó en 🎅 una maleta y lo abandonó en un contenedor de basura en el municipio de Fontibón, al oeste de Bogotá. Fue 🎅 encontrado allí horas más tarde por las autoridades", dijo la Fiscalía.
El juez impone una sentencia de 42 años y ocho 🎅 meses de prisión
Durante las audiencias del martes, el juez consideró que las pruebas presentadas por los fiscales eran suficientes para 🎅 determinar la culpabilidad de Poulos, imponiendo una sentencia de prisión de 42 años y ocho meses, aproximadamente cinco años menos 🎅 de lo que habían solicitado los fiscales.
Además, el juez prohibió a Poulos acercarse o intentar comunicarse con la familia de 🎅 Trespalacios durante 20 años, y ordenó que sea expulsado de Colombia una vez que complete su sentencia.
El equipo de defensa 🎅 de Poulos apelará la decisión
El equipo de defensa de Poulos ha dicho que apelará la decisión. Argumentó que Poulos era 🎅 inocente del femicidio y que en su lugar debería ser enjuiciado por homicidio, lo que conllevaría una sentencia menor.
En Colombia, 🎅 el femicidio - el asesinato de una mujer por su género - se considera un delito más grave que el 🎅 homicidio. Bajo la ley colombiana, el femicidio a menudo se castiga con una pena más alta.
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This article is about American-style cheerleading.
For Japanese-style cheerleading, see Ōendan
"Cheerleader" redirects here.
For other uses, see Cheerleader (disambiguation)
Athletic activity based on 💳 cheering for a team
Cheerleading is an activity in which the participants (called cheerleaders) cheer for their team as a form 💳 of encouragement.
It can range from chanting slogans to intense physical activity.
It can be performed to motivate sports teams, to entertain 💳 the audience, or for competition.
Cheerleading routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, 💳 jumps, cheers, and stunting.
Modern cheerleading is very closely associated with American football and basketball.
Sports such as association football (soccer), ice 💳 hockey, volleyball, baseball, and wrestling will sometimes sponsor cheerleading squads.
The ICC Twenty20 Cricket World Cup in South Africa in 2007 💳 was the first international cricket event to have cheerleaders.
The Florida Marlins were the first Major League Baseball team to have 💳 a cheerleading team.
Cheerleading originated as an all-male activity in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 💳 3.
85 million participants as of 2017.
[1] The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPN's International 💳 cheerleading competition, and the worldwide release of the 2000 film Bring It On.
The International Cheer Union (ICU) now claims 116 💳 member nations with an estimated 7.
5 million participants worldwide.
[2] The sport has gained a lot of traction in Australia, Canada, 💳 Mexico, China, Colombia, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom with popularity continuing to grow 💳 as sport leaders pursue Olympic status.[3]
Cheerleading carries the highest rate of catastrophic injuries to female athletes in sports, with most 💳 injuries associated with stunting, also known as pyramids.
History
Before organized cheerleading
Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of 💳 male students.
[4] After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers.
In response to faculty's abuse, college students violently 💳 acted out.
The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, and assault faculty members.
As a more 💳 subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors' control.
This brought about 💳 American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams.[5]
In the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison 💳 for their favorite athletes at sporting events.
Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America.[6]
On November 6, 1869, the United 💳 States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game.
It took place between Princeton University and Rutgers University, and marked the day the 💳 original "Sis Boom Rah!" cheer was shouted out by student fans.[7]
Beginning of organized cheerleading
Minnesota Gopher cheerleader Johnny Campbell
Organized cheerleading began 💳 as an all-male activity.
[8] As early as 1877, Princeton University had a "Princeton Cheer", documented in the February 22, 1877, 💳 March 12, 1880, and November 4, 1881, issues of The Daily Princetonian.
[9][10][11] This cheer was yelled from the stands by 💳 students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves.
The cheer, "Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! Tiger! S-s-s-t! Boom! A-h-h-h!" remains in 💳 use with slight modifications today, where it is now referred to as the "Locomotive".[12]
Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles 💳 moved to Minnesota in 1884.
He transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota.[13][14]
The 💳 term "Cheer Leader" had been used as early as 1897, with Princeton's football officials having named three students as Cheer 💳 Leaders: Thomas, Easton, and Guerin from Princeton's classes of 1897, 1898, and 1899, respectively, on October 26, 1897.
These students would 💳 cheer for the team also at football practices, and special cheering sections were designated in the stands for the games 💳 themselves for both the home and visiting teams.[15][16]
It was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed 💳 a crowd in cheering "Rah, Rah, Rah! Ski-u-mah, Hoo-Rah! Hoo-Rah! Varsity! Varsity! Varsity, Minn-e-So-Tah!", making Campbell the very first cheerleader.[17]
November 💳 2, 1898, is the official birth date of organized cheerleading.
Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a "yell leader" squad 💳 of six male students, who still use Campbell's original cheer today.[18]
Early 20th century cheerleading and female participation
Cheerleaders at the University 💳 of Wisconsin–Madison in 1948
In 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded.[19]
In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women 💳 were permitted to participate in cheerleading.
[20] However, it took time for other schools to follow.
In the late 1920s, many school 💳 manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as "chap", "fellow", and "man".[21]
Women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 💳 1940s when collegiate men were drafted for World War II, creating the opportunity for more women to make their way 💳 onto sporting event sidelines.
[22] As noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading: "Girls really took over for the first time."[23]
In 💳 1949, Lawrence Herkimer, a former cheerleader at Southern Methodist University and inventor of the herkie jump, founded his first cheerleading 💳 camp in Huntsville, Texas.
52 girls were in attendance.
[24] The clinic was so popular that Herkimer was asked to hold a 💳 second, where 350 young women were in attendance.
Herkimer also patented the pom-pom.
Growth in popularity (1950-1979)
In 1951, Herkimer created the National 💳 Cheerleading Association to help grow the activity and provide cheerleading education to schools around the country.[17]
During the 1950s, female participation 💳 in cheerleading continued to grow.
[25] An overview written on behalf of cheerleading in 1955 explained that in larger schools, "occasionally 💳 boys as well as girls are included", and in smaller schools, "boys can usually find their place in the athletic 💳 program, and cheerleading is likely to remain solely a feminine occupation".
[26] Cheerleading could be found at almost every school level 💳 across the country; even pee wee and youth leagues began to appear.[27][28]
In the 1950s, professional cheerleading also began.
The first recorded 💳 cheer squad in National Football League (NFL) history was for the Baltimore Colts.
[6][29] Professional cheerleaders put a new perspective on 💳 American cheerleading.
Women were exclusively chosen for dancing ability as well as to conform to the male gaze, as heterosexual men 💳 were the targeted marketing group.[30]
By the 1960s, college cheerleaders employed by the NCA were hosting workshops across the nation, teaching 💳 fundamental cheer skills to tens of thousands of high-school-age girls.
[8] Herkimer also contributed many notable firsts to cheerleading: the founding 💳 of a cheerleading uniform supply company, inventing the herkie jump (where one leg is bent towards the ground as if 💳 kneeling and the other is out to the side as high as it will stretch in toe-touch position),[31] and creating 💳 the "Spirit Stick".[19]
In 1965, Fred Gastoff invented the vinyl pom-pom, which was introduced into competitions by the International Cheerleading Foundation 💳 (ICF, now the World Cheerleading Association, or WCA).
Organized cheerleading competitions began to pop up with the first ranking of the 💳 "Top Ten College Cheerleading Squads" and "Cheerleader All America" awards given out by the ICF in 1967.
The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders 💳 soon gained the spotlight with their revealing outfits and sophisticated dance moves, debuting in the 1972–1973 season, but were first 💳 widely seen in Super Bowl X (1976).
These pro squads of the 1970s established cheerleaders as "American icons of wholesome sex 💳 appeal."[20]
In 1975, Randy Neil estimated that over 500,000 students actively participated in American cheerleading from elementary school to the collegiate 💳 level.
Neil also approximated that ninety-five percent of cheerleaders within America were female.[32]
In 1978, America was introduced to competitive cheerleading by 💳 the first broadcast of Collegiate Cheerleading Championships on CBS.
[18][19]1980s to present
The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders (1983) performing in the USO show 💳 "America and Her Music" on the deck of the nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser USS Bainbridge (CGN-25)
The 1980s saw the beginning 💳 of modern cheerleading, adding difficult stunt sequences and gymnastics into routines.
All-star teams, or those not affiliated with a school, popped 💳 up, and eventually led to the creation of the U.S.
All Star Federation (USASF).
ESPN first broadcast the National High School Cheerleading 💳 Competition nationwide in 1983.
By 1981, a total of seventeen Nation Football League teams had their own cheerleaders.
The only teams without 💳 NFL cheerleaders at this time were New Orleans, New York, Detroit, Cleveland, Denver, Minnesota, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and San Diego.
Professional 💳 cheerleading eventually spread to soccer and basketball teams as well.[30]
Cheerleading organizations such as the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and 💳 Advisors (AACCA), founded in 1987, started applying universal safety standards to decrease the number of injuries and prevent dangerous stunts, 💳 pyramids, and tumbling passes from being included in the cheerleading routines.
[34] In 2003, the National Council for Spirit Safety and 💳 Education (NCSSE) was formed to offer safety training for youth, school, all-star, and college coaches.
The NCAA now requires college cheer 💳 coaches to successfully complete a nationally recognized safety-training program.
Even with its athletic and competitive development, cheerleading at the school level 💳 has retained its ties to its spirit leading traditions.
Cheerleaders are quite often seen as ambassadors for their schools, and leaders 💳 among the student body.
At the college level, cheerleaders are often invited to help at university fundraisers and events.[35]
Debuting in 2003, 💳 the "Marlin Mermaids" gained national exposure, and have influenced other MLB teams to develop their own cheer/dance squads.[36]
As of 2005, 💳 overall statistics show around 97% of all modern cheerleading participants are female, although at the collegiate level, cheerleading is co-ed 💳 with about 50% of participants being male.
[24] Modern male cheerleaders' stunts focus less on flexibility and more on tumbling, flips, 💳 pikes, and handstands.
These depend on strong legs and strong core strength.[17]
In 2019, Napoleon Jinnies and Quinton Peron became the first 💳 male cheerleaders in the history of the NFL to perform at the Super Bowl.[37]
Safety regulation changes
Kristi Yamaoka, a cheerleader for 💳 Southern Illinois University, suffered a fractured vertebra when she hit her head after falling from a human pyramid.
[38][39] She also 💳 suffered from a concussion, and a bruised lung.
[40] The fall occurred when Yamaoka lost her balance during a basketball game 💳 between Southern Illinois University and Bradley University at the Savvis Center in St.
Louis on March 5, 2006.
[40] The fall gained 💳 "national attention",[40] because Yamaoka continued to perform from a stretcher as she was moved away from the game.[40]
The accident caused 💳 the Missouri Valley Conference to ban its member schools from allowing cheerleaders to be "launched or tossed and from taking 💳 part in formations higher than two levels" for one week during a women's basketball conference tournament, and also resulted in 💳 a recommendation by the NCAA that conferences and tournaments do not allow pyramids two and one half levels high or 💳 higher, and a stunt known as basket tosses, during the rest of the men's and women's basketball season.
[41] On July 💳 11, 2006, the bans were made permanent by the AACCA rules committee:
The committee unanimously voted for sweeping revisions to cheerleading 💳 safety rules, the most major of which restricts specific upper-level skills during basketball games.
Basket tosses, 2+1⁄2 high pyramids, one-arm stunts, 💳 stunts that involve twisting or flipping, and twisting tumbling skills may be performed only during halftime and post-game on a 💳 matted surface and are prohibited during game play or time-outs.[41]
Types of teams in the United States today
University of Memphis Cheerleaders 💳 performing a Co-ed double Cupie
Most American elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and colleges have organized cheerleading squads.
Some colleges even 💳 offer cheerleading scholarships for students.
A school cheerleading team may compete locally, regionally, or nationally, but their main purpose is typically 💳 to cheer for sporting events and encourage audience participation.
Cheerleading is quickly becoming a year-round activity, starting with tryouts during the 💳 spring semester of the preceding school year.
Teams may attend organized summer cheerleading camps and practices to improve skills and create 💳 routines for competition.
In addition to supporting their schools' football or other sports teams, student cheerleaders may compete with recreational-style routine 💳 at competitions year-round.
Elementary school
In far more recent years, it has become more common for elementary schools to have an organized 💳 cheerleading team.
This is a great way to get younger children introduced to the sport and used to being crowd leaders.
Also, 💳 with young children learning so much so quickly, tumbling can come very easy to a child in elementary school.[42]Middle school
Middle 💳 school cheerleading evolved shortly after high school squads were created and is set at the district level.
In middle school, cheerleading 💳 squads serve the same purpose, but often follow a modified set of rules from high school squads with possible additional 💳 rules.
[43] Squads can cheer for basketball teams, football teams, and other sports teams in their school.
Squads may also perform at 💳 pep rallies and compete against other local schools from the area.
Cheerleading in middle school sometimes can be a two-season activity: 💳 fall and winter.
However, many middle school cheer squads will go year-round like high school squads.
Middle school cheerleaders use the same 💳 cheerleading movements as their older counterparts, yet may perform less extreme stunts and tumbling elements, depending on the rules in 💳 their area.
[citation needed].
High school
High school cheerleaders
In high school, there are usually two squads per school: varsity and a junior varsity.
High 💳 school cheerleading contains aspects of school spirit as well as competition.
These squads have become part of a year-round cycle.
Starting with 💳 tryouts in the spring, year-round practice, cheering on teams in the fall and winter, and participating in cheerleading competitions.
Most squads 💳 practice at least three days a week for about two hours each practice during the summer.
[citation needed] Many teams also 💳 attend separate tumbling sessions outside of practice.
During the school year, cheerleading is usually practiced five- to six-days-a-week.
During competition season, it 💳 often becomes seven days with practice twice a day sometimes.
The school spirit aspect of cheerleading involves cheering, supporting, and "hyping 💳 up" the crowd at football games, basketball games, and even at wrestling meets.
Along with this, cheerleaders usually perform at pep 💳 rallies, and bring school spirit to other students.
In May 2009, the National Federation of State High School Associations released the 💳 results of their first true high school participation study.
They estimated that the number of high school cheerleaders from public high 💳 schools is around 394,700.[44]
There are different cheerleading organizations that put on competitions; some of the major ones include state and 💳 regional competitions.
Many high schools will often host cheerleading competitions, bringing in IHSA judges.
The regional competitions are qualifiers for national competitions, 💳 such as the UCA (Universal Cheerleaders Association) Archived 2009-09-20 at the Wayback Machine in Orlando, Florida, every year.
[45] Many teams 💳 have a professional choreographer that choreographs their routine in order to ensure they are not breaking rules or regulations and 💳 to give the squad creative elements.
College
Collegiate cheerleaders for the University of Florida perform a high splits pyramid during a Gators 💳 college football game
Most American universities have a cheerleading squad to cheer for football, basketball, volleyball, wrestling, and soccer.
Most college squads 💳 tend to be larger coed teams, although in recent years; all-girl squads and smaller college squads have increased rapidly.
Cheerleading is 💳 not recognized by NCAA, NAIA, and NJCAA as athletics; therefore, there are few to no scholarships offered to athletes wanting 💳 to pursue cheerleading at the collegiate level.
However, some community colleges and universities offer scholarships directly from the program or sponsorship 💳 funds.
Some colleges offer scholarships for an athlete's talents, academic excellence, and/or involvement in community events.
College squads perform more difficult stunts 💳 which include multi-level pyramids, as well as flipping and twisting basket tosses.
Not only do college cheerleaders cheer on the other 💳 sports at their university, many teams at universities compete with other schools at either UCA College Nationals or NCA College 💳 Nationals.
This requires the teams to choreograph a 2-minute and 30 second routine that includes elements of jumps, tumbling, stunting, basket 💳 tosses, pyramids, and a crowd involvement section.
Winning one of these competitions is a very prestigious accomplishment, and is seen as 💳 another national title for most schools.
Youth leagues and athletic associations
Youth cheerleaders during a football halftime show.
Youth cheer-high school ages and 💳 younger-make up the vast majority of cheerleaders and cheer teams.
Organizations that sponsor youth cheer teams usually sponsor either youth league 💳 football or basketball teams as well.
This allows for the two, under the same sponsor, to be intermingled.
Both teams have the 💳 same mascot name and the cheerleaders will perform at their football or basketball games.
Examples of such sponsors include Pop Warner, 💳 American Youth Football, and the YMCA.
[46] The purpose of these squads is primarily to support their associated football or basketball 💳 players, but some teams do compete at local or regional competitions.
The Pop Warner Association even hosts a national championship each 💳 December for teams in their program who qualify.
All-star or club cheerleading
"All-star" or club cheerleading differs from school or sideline cheerleading 💳 because all-star teams focus solely on performing a competition routine and not on leading cheers for other sports teams.
All-star cheerleaders 💳 are members of a privately owned gym or club which they typically pay dues or tuition to, similar to a 💳 gymnastics gym.
During the early 1980s, cheerleading squads not associated with a school or sports league, whose main objective was competition, 💳 began to emerge.
The first organization to call themselves all-stars were the Q94 Rockers from Richmond, Virginia, founded in 1982.
[47] All-star 💳 teams competing prior to 1987 were placed into the same divisions as teams that represented schools and sports leagues.
In 1986, 💳 the National Cheerleaders Association (NCA) addressed this situation by creating a separate division for teams lacking a sponsoring school or 💳 athletic association, calling it the All-Star Division and debuting it at their 1987 competitions.
As the popularity of this type of 💳 team grew, more and more of them were formed, attending competitions sponsored by many different organizations and companies, each using 💳 its own set of rules, regulations, and divisions.
This situation became a concern to coaches and gym owners, as the inconsistencies 💳 caused coaches to keep their routines in a constant state of flux, detracting from time that could be better utilized 💳 for developing skills and providing personal attention to their athletes.
More importantly, because the various companies were constantly vying for a 💳 competitive edge, safety standards had become more and more lax.
In some cases, unqualified coaches and inexperienced squads were attempting dangerous 💳 stunts as a result of these expanded sets of rules.[48]
The United States All Star Federation (USASF) was formed in 2003 💳 by the competition companies to act as the national governing body for all star cheerleading and to create a standard 💳 set of rules and judging criteria to be followed by all competitions sanctioned by the Federation.
Eager to grow the sport 💳 and create more opportunities for high-level teams, The USASF hosted the first Cheerleading Worlds on April 24, 2004.
[48] At the 💳 same time, cheerleading coaches from all over the country organized themselves for the same rule making purpose, calling themselves the 💳 National All Star Cheerleading Coaches Congress (NACCC).
In 2005, the NACCC was absorbed by the USASF to become their rule making 💳 body.
[47] In late 2006, the USASF facilitated the creation of the International All-Star Federation (IASF), which now governs club cheerleading 💳 worldwide.
Competitive cheer - Paramount Cheerleaders doing a scale
As of 2020 , all-star cheerleading, as sanctioned by the USASF, involves a 💳 squad of 5–36 females and males.
All-star cheerleaders are placed into divisions, which are grouped based upon age, size of the 💳 team, gender of participants, and ability level.
The age groups vary from under 4 years of age to 18 years and 💳 over.
The squad prepares year-round for many different competition appearances, but they actually perform only for up to 2+1⁄2 minutes during 💳 their team's routine.
The numbers of competitions a team participates in varies from team to team, but generally, most teams tend 💳 to participate in six to ten competitions a year.
These competitions include locals or regionals, which normally take place in school 💳 gymnasiums or local venues, nationals, hosted in large venues all around the U.S.
, and the Cheerleading Worlds, which takes place 💳 at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.
During a competition routine, a squad performs carefully choreographed stunting, tumbling, jumping, and dancing 💳 to their own custom music.
Teams create their routines to an eight-count system and apply that to the music so that 💳 the team members execute the elements with precise timing and synchronization.
All-star cheerleaders compete at competitions hosted by private event production 💳 companies, the foremost of these being Varsity Spirit.
Varsity Spirit is the parent company for many subsidiaries including The National Cheerleader's 💳 Association, The Universal Cheerleader's Association, AmeriCheer, Allstar Challenge, and JamFest, among others.
Each separate company or subsidiary typically hosts their own 💳 local and national level competitions.
This means that many gyms within the same area could be state and national champions for 💳 the same year and never have competed against each other.
Currently, there is no system in place that awards only one 💳 state or national title.
Judges at a competition watch closely for illegal skills from the group or any individual member.
Here, an 💳 illegal skill is something that is not allowed in that division due to difficulty or safety restrictions.
They look out for 💳 deductions, or things that go wrong, such as a dropped stunt or a tumbler who doesn't stick a landing.
More generally, 💳 judges look at the difficulty and execution of jumps, stunts and tumbling, synchronization, creativity, the sharpness of the motions, showmanship, 💳 and overall routine execution.
If a level 6 or 7 team places high enough at selected USASF/IASF sanctioned national competitions, they 💳 could earn a place at the Cheerleading Worlds and compete against teams from all over the world, as well as 💳 receive money for placing.
[3] For elite level cheerleaders, The Cheerleading Worlds is the highest level of competition to which they 💳 can aspire, and winning a world championship title is an incredible honor.
Professional
NFL Cheerleaders at the 2006 Pro Bowl.
Professional cheerleaders and 💳 dancers cheer for sports such as football, basketball, baseball, wrestling, or hockey.
There are only a small handful of professional cheerleading 💳 leagues around the world; some professional leagues include the NBA Cheerleading League, the NFL Cheerleading League, the CFL Cheerleading League, 💳 the MLS Cheerleading League, the MLB Cheerleading League, and the NHL Ice Girls.
Although professional cheerleading leagues exist in multiple countries, 💳 there are no Olympic teams.[49]
In addition to cheering at games and competing, professional cheerleaders often do a lot of philanthropy 💳 and charity work, modeling, motivational speaking, television performances, and advertising.[citation needed]
Injuries and accidents
Cheerleading carries the highest rate of catastrophic injuries 💳 to female athletes in high school and collegiate sports.
[50] Of the United States' 2.
9 million female high school athletes, only 💳 3% are cheerleaders, yet cheerleading accounts for nearly 65% of all catastrophic injuries in girls' high school athletics.
[51] In data 💳 covering the 1982-83 academic year through the 2018-19 academic year in the US, the rate of serious, direct traumatic injury 💳 per 100,000 participants was 1.
68 for female cheerleaders at the high school level, the highest for all high school sports 💳 surveyed.
[52] (table 9a) The college rate could not be determined, as the total number of collegiate cheerleaders was unknown, but 💳 the total number of traumatic, direct catastrophic injuries over this period was 33 (28 female, 5 male), higher than all 💳 sports at this level aside from football.
[52](table 5a) Another study found that between 1982 and 2007, there were 103 fatal, 💳 disabling, or serious injuries recorded among female high school athletes, with the vast majority (67) occurring in cheerleading.[53]
The main source 💳 of injuries comes from stunting, also known as pyramids.
These stunts are performed at games and pep rallies, as well as 💳 competitions.
Sometimes competition routines are focused solely around the use of difficult and risky stunts.
These stunts usually include a flyer (the 💳 person on top), along with one or two bases (the people on the bottom), and one or two spotters in 💳 the front and back on the bottom.
The most common cheerleading related injury is a concussion.
96% of those concussions are stunt 💳 related.
[50] Other injuries include: sprained ankles, sprained wrists, back injuries, head injuries (sometimes concussions), broken arms, elbow injuries, knee injuries, 💳 broken noses, and broken collarbones.
[54][55] Sometimes, however, injuries can be as serious as whiplash, broken necks, broken vertebrae, and death.[56]
The 💳 journal Pediatrics has reportedly said that the number of cheerleaders suffering from broken bones, concussions, and sprains has increased by 💳 over 100 percent between the years of 1990 and 2002, and that in 2001, there were 25,000 hospital visits reported 💳 for cheerleading injuries dealing with the shoulder, ankle, head, and neck.
[57] Meanwhile, in the US, cheerleading accounted for 65.
1% of 💳 all major physical injuries to high school females, and to 66.
7% of major injuries to college students due to physical 💳 activity from 1982 to 2007, with 22,900 minors being admitted to hospital with cheerleading-related injuries in 2002.[58][59]
The risks of cheerleading 💳 were highlighted at the death of Lauren Chang.
Chang died on April 14, 2008, after competing in a competition where her 💳 teammate had kicked her so hard in the chest that her lungs collapsed.[60]
Cheerleading (for both girls and boys) was one 💳 of the sports studied in the Pediatric Injury Prevention, Education and Research Program of the Colorado School of Public Health 💳 in 2009/10–2012/13.
[61] Data on cheerleading injuries is included in the report for 2012–13.[62]
Associations, federations, and organizations
Cheerleading formations demonstrated in Tokyo, 💳 Japan
International Cheer Union (ICU):[63] Established on April 26, 2004, the ICU is recognized by the SportAccord as the world governing 💳 body of cheerleading and the authority on all matters with relation to it.
Including participation from its 105-member national federations reaching 💳 3.
5 million athletes globally, the ICU continues to serve as the unified voice for those dedicated to cheerleading's positive development 💳 around the world.
Following a positive vote by the SportAccord General Assembly on May 31, 2013, in Saint Petersburg, the International 💳 Cheer Union (ICU) became SportAccord's 109th member, and SportAccord's 93rd international sports federation to join the international sports family.
In accordance 💳 with the SportAccord statutes, the ICU is recognized as the world governing body of cheerleading and the authority on all 💳 matters related to it.
As of the 2016–17 season, the ICU has introduced a Junior aged team (12-16) to compete at 💳 the Cheerleading Worlds, because cheerleading is now in provisional status to become a sport in the Olympics.
For cheerleading to one 💳 day be in the Olympics, there must be a junior and senior team that competes at the world championships.
The first 💳 junior cheerleading team that was selected to become the junior national team was Eastside Middle School, located in Mount Washington 💳 Kentucky and will represent the United States in the inaugural junior division at the world championships.[64]
The ICU holds training seminars 💳 for judges and coaches, global events and the World Cheerleading Championships.
The ICU is also fully applied to the International Olympic 💳 Committee (IOC) and is compliant under the code set by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC):[65] Established 💳 on July 5, 1998, the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC) is a non-profit federation based in Tokyo, Japan, and is 💳 a world governing body of cheerleading, primarily in Asia.
The IFC objectives are to promote cheerleading worldwide, to spread knowledge of 💳 cheerleading, and to develop friendly relations among the member associations and federations.
USA Cheer: The USA Federation for Sport Cheering (USA 💳 Cheer) was established in 2007 to serve as the national governing body for all types of cheerleading in the United 💳 States and is recognized by the ICU.
[66] "The USA Federation for Sport Cheering is a not-for profit 501(c)(6) organization that 💳 was established in 2007 to serve as the National Governing Body for Sport Cheering in the United States.
USA Cheer exists 💳 to serve the cheer community, including club cheering (all star) and traditional school based cheer programs, and the growing sport 💳 of STUNT.
USA Cheer has three primary objectives: help grow and develop interest and participation in cheer throughout the United States; 💳 promote safety and safety education for cheer in the United States; and represent the United States of America in international 💳 cheer competitions.
"[66] In March 2018, they absorbed the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches and Advisors (AACCA) and now provide safety 💳 guidelines and training for all levels of cheerleading.
[67] Additionally, they organize the USA National Team.
Universal Cheerleading Association: UCA is an 💳 association owned by the company brand Varsity.
"Universal Cheerleaders Association was founded in 1974 by Jeff Webb to provide the best 💳 educational training for cheerleaders with the goal of incorporating high-level skills with traditional crowd leading.
It was Jeff's vision that would 💳 transform cheerleading into the dynamic, athletic combination of high energy entertainment and school leadership that is loved by so many.
"[68] 💳 "Today, UCA is the largest cheerleading camp company in the world, offering the widest array of dates and locations of 💳 any camp company.
We also celebrate cheerleader's incredible hard work and athleticism through the glory of competition at over 50 regional 💳 events across the country and our Championships at the Walt Disney World Resort every year.
"[68] "UCA has instilled leadership skills 💳 and personal confidence in more than 4.
5 million athletes on and off the field while continuing to be the industry's 💳 leader for more than forty-five years.
[68] UCA has helped many cheerleaders get the training they need to succeed.
Competitions and companies
Asian 💳 Thailand Cheerleading Invitational (ATCI):[69] Organised by the Cheerleading Association of Thailand (CAT) in accordance with the rules and regulations of 💳 the International Federation of Cheerleading (IFC).
The ATCI is held every year since 2009.
At the ATCI, many teams from all over 💳 Thailand compete, joining them are many invited neighbouring nations who also send cheer squads.
Cheerleading Asia International Open Championships (CAIOC): Hosted 💳 by the Foundation of Japan Cheerleading Association (FJCA) in accordance with the rules and regulations of the IFC.
The CAIOC has 💳 been a yearly event since 2007.
Every year, many teams from all over Asia converge in Tokyo to compete.[70]
Cheerleading World Championships 💳 (CWC):[71] Organised by the IFC.
The IFC is a non-profit organisation founded in 1998 and based in Tokyo, Japan.
The CWC has 💳 been held every two years since 2001, and to date, the competition has been held in Japan, the United Kingdom, 💳 Finland, Germany, and Hong Kong.
The 6th CWC was held at the Hong Kong Coliseum on November 26–27, 2011.[72]
The Italian national 💳 team competing at the ICU World Championships.
ICU World Championships:[73] The International Cheer Union currently encompasses 105 National Federations from countries 💳 across the globe.
Every year, the ICU host the World Cheerleading Championship.
This competition uses a more collegiate style performance and rulebook.
Countries 💳 assemble and send only one team to represent them.
National Cheerleading Championships (NCC):[74] The NCC is the annual IFC-sanctioned national cheerleading 💳 competition in Indonesia organised by the Indonesian Cheerleading Community (ICC).
[75] Since NCC 2010, the event is now open to international 💳 competition, representing a significant step forward for the ICC.
Teams from many countries such as Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore 💳 participated in the ground breaking event.
Pan-American Cheerleading Championships (PCC):[76] The PCC was held for the first time in 2009 in 💳 the city of Latacunga, Ecuador and is the continental championship organised by the Pan-American Federation of Cheerleading (PFC).
The PFC, operating 💳 under the umbrella of the IFC, is the non-profit continental body of cheerleading whose aim it is to promote and 💳 develop cheerleading in the Americas.
The PCC is a biennial event, and was held for the second time in Lima, Peru, 💳 in November 2010.
USASF/IASF Worlds:[77][78] Many United States cheerleading organizations form and register the not-for-profit entity the United States All Star 💳 Federation (USASF) and also the International All Star Federation (IASF) to support international club cheerleading and the World Cheerleading Club 💳 Championships.
The first World Cheerleading Championships, or Cheerleading Worlds, were hosted by the USASF/IASF at the Walt Disney World Resort and 💳 taped for an ESPN global broadcast in 2004.
This competition is only for All-Star/Club cheer.
Only level 6 and 7 teams may 💳 attend and must receive a bid from a partner company.
The competition floor at Final Destination
Varsity:[79] Varsity Spirit, a branch of 💳 Varsity Brands is a parent company which, over the past 10 years, has absorbed or bought most other cheerleading event 💳 production companies.
The following is a list of subsidiary competition companies owned by Varsity Spirit:[80]All Star Challenge
All Star ChampionshipsAll Things Cheer
Aloha 💳 Spirit Championships
America's Best Championships
American Cheer and Dance
American Cheer Power
American Cheerleaders Association
AmeriCheer : [81] Americheer was founded in 1987 by Elizabeth 💳 Rossetti.
It is the parent company to Ameridance and Eastern Cheer and Dance Association.
In 2005, Americheer became one of the founding 💳 members of the NLCC.
This means that Americheer events offer bids to The U.S.
Finals: The Final Destination.
AmeriCheer InterNational Championship competition is 💳 held every March at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida.
: Americheer was founded in 1987 by Elizabeth Rossetti.
It 💳 is the parent company to Ameridance and Eastern Cheer and Dance Association.
In 2005, Americheer became one of the founding members 💳 of the NLCC.
This means that Americheer events offer bids to The U.S.
Finals: The Final Destination.
AmeriCheer InterNational Championship competition is held 💳 every March at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida.
Athletic Championships
Champion Cheer and Dance
Champion Spirit GroupCheer LTD
CHEERSPORT: CHEERSPORT was 💳 founded in 1993 by all star coaches who believed they could conduct competitions that would be better for the athletes, 💳 coaches and spectators.
Their main event is CHEERSPORT Nationals, held each February at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia
CHEERSPORT 💳 was founded in 1993 by all star coaches who believed they could conduct competitions that would be better for the 💳 athletes, coaches and spectators.
Their main event is CHEERSPORT Nationals, held each February at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, 💳 Georgia CheerStarzCOA Cheer and Dance
Coastal Cheer and Dance
Encore ChampionshipsGLCC Events
Golden State Spirit Association
The JAM Brands : [82] The JAM Brands, 💳 headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, provides products and services for the cheerleading and dance industry.
It was previously made up of approximately 💳 12 different brands that produce everything from competitions to camps to uniforms to merchandise and apparel, but is now owned 💳 by the parent company Varsity.
JAMfest, the original brand of The JAM Brands, has been around since 1996 and was founded 💳 by Aaron Flaker and Emmitt Tyler.
: The JAM Brands, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, provides products and services for the cheerleading 💳 and dance industry.
It was previously made up of approximately 12 different brands that produce everything from competitions to camps to 💳 uniforms to merchandise and apparel, but is now owned by the parent company Varsity.
JAMfest, the original brand of The JAM 💳 Brands, has been around since 1996 and was founded by Aaron Flaker and Emmitt Tyler.
Mardi Gras Spirit Events
Mid Atlantic ChampionshipsNation's 💳 Choice
National Cheerleaders Association (NCA): The NCA was founded in 1948 by Lawrence Herkimer.
Every year, the NCA hosts a variety of 💳 competitions all across the United States, most notably the NCA High School Cheerleading Nationals and the NCA All-Star Cheerleading Nationals 💳 in Dallas, Texas.
They also host the NCA/NDA Collegiate Cheer & Dance Championship in Daytona Beach, Florida.
In addition to competitions, they 💳 also provide summer camps for school cheerleaders.
Their sister organization is the National Dance Alliance (NDA).
The National Cheerleaders Association was the 💳 first company in cheerleading and also is accredited with many other firsts in cheerleading.
These firsts include the first All Star 💳 National Championship, cheer camp, uniform company, and more.[83]
The NCA was founded in 1948 by Lawrence Herkimer.
Every year, the NCA hosts 💳 a variety of competitions all across the United States, most notably the NCA High School Cheerleading Nationals and the NCA 💳 All-Star Cheerleading Nationals in Dallas, Texas.
They also host the NCA/NDA Collegiate Cheer & Dance Championship in Daytona Beach, Florida.
In addition 💳 to competitions, they also provide summer camps for school cheerleaders.
Their sister organization is the National Dance Alliance (NDA).
The National Cheerleaders 💳 Association was the first company in cheerleading and also is accredited with many other firsts in cheerleading.
These firsts include the 💳 first All Star National Championship, cheer camp, uniform company, and more.
One Up ChampionshipsPacWestSea to SkySpirit CelebrationSpirit CheerSpirit SportsSpirit UnlimitedSpirit Xpress
The 💳 American ChampionshipsThe U.S.
Finals: This event was formerly hosted by Nation's Leading Cheer Companies which was a multi brand company, partnered 💳 with other companies such as: Americheer/Ameridance, American Cheer & Dance Academy, Eastern Cheer & Dance Association, and Spirit Unlimited before 💳 they were all acquired by Varsity.
Every year, starting in 2006, the NLCC hosted The US Finals: The Final Destination of 💳 Cheerleading and Dance.
Every team that attends must qualify and receive a bid at a partner company's competition.
In May 2008, the 💳 NLCC and The JAM Brands announced a partnership to produce The U.S.
Finals - Final Destination.
This event is still produced under 💳 the new parent company, Varsity.
There are nine Final Destination locations across the country.
After the regional events, videos of all the 💳 teams that competed are sent to a new panel of judges and rescored to rank teams against those against whom 💳 they may never have had a chance to compete.
This event was formerly hosted by Nation's Leading Cheer Companies which was 💳 a multi brand company, partnered with other companies such as: Americheer/Ameridance, American Cheer & Dance Academy, Eastern Cheer & Dance 💳 Association, and Spirit Unlimited before they were all acquired by Varsity.
Every year, starting in 2006, the NLCC hosted The US 💳 Finals: The Final Destination of Cheerleading and Dance.
Every team that attends must qualify and receive a bid at a partner 💳 company's competition.
In May 2008, the NLCC and The JAM Brands announced a partnership to produce The U.S.
Finals - Final Destination.
This 💳 event is still produced under the new parent company, Varsity.
There are nine Final Destination locations across the country.
After the regional 💳 events, videos of all the teams that competed are sent to a new panel of judges and rescored to rank 💳 teams against those against whom they may never have had a chance to compete.
Universal Cheerleaders Association (UCA): [84] Universal Cheerleaders 💳 Association was founded in 1974 by Jeff Webb.
Since 1980, UCA has hosted the National High School Cheerleading Championship in Walt 💳 Disney World Resort.
They also host the National All-Star Cheerleading Championship, and the College Cheerleading National Championship at Walt Disney World 💳 Resort.
All of these events air on ESPN.
Universal Cheerleaders Association was founded in 1974 by Jeff Webb.
Since 1980, UCA has hosted 💳 the National High School Cheerleading Championship in Walt Disney World Resort.
They also host the National All-Star Cheerleading Championship, and the 💳 College Cheerleading National Championship at Walt Disney World Resort.
All of these events air on ESPN.
United Spirit Association: [85] In 1950, 💳 Robert Olmstead directed his first summer training camp, and USA later sprouted from this.
USA's focus is on the game day 💳 experience as a way to enhance audience entertainment.
This focus led to the first American football half-time shows to reach adolescences 💳 from around the world and expose them to American style cheerleading.
USA provides competitions for cheerleading squads without prior qualifications needed 💳 in order to participate.
The organization also allows the opportunity for cheerleaders to become an All-American, participate in the Macy's Thanksgiving 💳 Day Parade, and partake in London's New Year's Day Parade and other special events much like UCA and NCA allow 💳 participants to do.
In 1950, Robert Olmstead directed his first summer training camp, and USA later sprouted from this.
USA's focus is 💳 on the game day experience as a way to enhance audience entertainment.
This focus led to the first American football half-time 💳 shows to reach adolescences from around the world and expose them to American style cheerleading.
USA provides competitions for cheerleading squads 💳 without prior qualifications needed in order to participate.
The organization also allows the opportunity for cheerleaders to become an All-American, participate 💳 in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, and partake in London's New Year's Day Parade and other special events much like 💳 UCA and NCA allow participants to do.
Universal Spirit Association
World Spirit Federation
Title IX sports status
In the United States, the designation of 💳 a "sport" is important because of Title IX.
There is a large debate on whether or not cheerleading should be considered 💳 a sport for Title IX (a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972 forbidding discrimination under any education 💳 program on the basis of sex) purposes.
The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued memos and letters to schools that cheerleading, 💳 both sideline and competitive, may not be considered "athletic programs" for the purposes of Title IX.
[86] Supporters consider cheerleading, as 💳 a whole, a sport, citing the heavy use of athletic talents[87][88] while critics see it as a physical activity because 💳 a "sport" implies a competition among all squads and not all squads compete, along with subjectivity of competitions where-as with 💳 gymnastics, diving, and figure skating-scores are assessed based on human judgment and not an objective goal or measurement of time.[89][90][91]
On 💳 January 27, 2009, in a lawsuit involving an accidental injury sustained during a cheerleading practice, the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled 💳 that cheerleading is a full-contact sport in that state, not allowing any participants to be sued for accidental injury.
[92][93] In 💳 contrast, on July 21, 2010, in a lawsuit involving whether college cheerleading qualified as a sport for purposes of Title 💳 IX, a federal court, citing a current lack of program development and organization, ruled that it is not a sport 💳 at all.[94]
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) does not recognize cheerleading as a sport.
[95] In 2014, the American Medical Association 💳 adopted a policy that, as the leading cause of catastrophic injuries of female athletes both in high school and college, 💳 cheerleading should be considered a sport.
[96] While there are cheerleading teams at the majority of the NCAA's Division I schools, 💳 they are still not recognized as a sport.
This results in many teams not being properly funded.
Additionally, there are little to 💳 no college programs offering scholarships because their universities cannot offer athletic scholarships to "spirit" team members.[97]
Cheerleading in Canada
High school cheerleaders 💳 in Montreal in 1943
Cheerleading in Canada is rising in popularity among the youth in co-curricular programs.
Cheerleading has grown from the 💳 sidelines to a competitive activity throughout the world and in particular Canada.
Cheerleading has a few streams in Canadian sports culture.
It 💳 is available at the middle-school, high-school, collegiate, and best known for all-star.
There are multiple regional, provincial, and national championship opportunities 💳 for all athletes participating in cheerleading.
Canada does not have provincial teams, just a national program referred to as CCU or 💳 Team Canada.
Their first year as a national team was in 2009 when they represented Canada at the International Cheer Union 💳 World Cheerleading Championships International Cheer Union (ICU).[98]
Competition in Canada
There is no official governing body for Canadian cheerleading.
The rules and guidelines 💳 for cheerleading used in Canada are the ones set out by the USASF.
However, there are many organizations in Canada that 💳 put on competitions and have separate and individual rules and scoresheets for each competition.
Cheer Evolution is the largest cheerleading and 💳 dance organization for Canada.
They hold many competitions as well as provide a competition for bids to Worlds.
There are other organizations 💳 such as the Ontario Cheerleading Federation (Ontario), Power Cheerleading Association (Ontario), Kicks Athletics (Quebec), and the International Cheer Alliance (Vancouver).
There 💳 are over forty recognized competitive gym clubs with numerous teams that compete at competitions across Canada.[99]
Canadian Cheer of the Global 💳 Stage
There are two world championship competitions that Canada participates in.
The first is the ICU World Championships where the Canadian National 💳 Teams compete against other countries.
The second is The Cheerleading Worlds where Canadian club teams, referred to as "all-star" teams, compete 💳 at the USASF Cheerleading Worlds.
National team members who compete at the ICU Worlds can also compete with their "all-star club" 💳 teams.
[100] Although athletes can compete in both International Cheer Union (ICU) and USASF, crossovers between teams at each individual competition 💳 are not permitted.
Teams compete against the other teams from their countries on the first day of competition and the top 💳 three teams from each country in each division continue to finals.
At the end of finals, the top team scoring the 💳 highest for their country earns the "Nations Cup".
Canada has multiple teams across their country that compete in the USASF Cheerleading 💳 Worlds Championship.[101]
The International Cheer Union (ICU) is built of 103 countries that compete against each other in four divisions; Coed 💳 Premier, All-girl Premier, Coed Elite, and All-girl Elite.
Canada has a national team ran by the Canadian Cheer Union (CCU).
Their Coed 💳 Elite Level 5 Team and their All-girl Elite Level 5 team are 4-time world champions.
The athletes on the teams are 💳 found from all over the country.
In 2013, they added two more teams to their roster.
A new division that will compete 💳 head-to-head with the United States: in both the All-girl and Coed Premier Level 6 divisions.
Members tryout and are selected on 💳 the basis of their skills and potential to succeed.
Canada's national program has grown to be one of the most successful 💳 programs.[102]
Cheerleading in Mexico
Mexican cheerleaders at a soccer game in Monterrey, Mexico.
Cheerleading in Mexico is a popular sport commonly seen in 💳 Mexican College Football and Professional Mexican Soccer sporting events.
Cheerleading emerged within the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the highest 💳 House of Studies in the country, during the 1930s, almost immediately after it was granted its autonomy.
Since then, this phenomenon 💳 has been evolving to become what it is now.
Firstly, it was developed only in the UNAM, later in other secondary 💳 and higher education institutions in Mexico City, and currently in practically the entire country.[103]
Competition in Mexico
In Mexico, this sport is 💳 endorsed by the Mexican Federation of Cheerleaders and Cheerleading Groups (Federación Mexicana de Porristas y Grupos de Animación) (FMPGA), a 💳 body that regulates competitions in Mexico and subdivisions such as the Olympic Confederation of Cheerleaders (COP Brands), National Organization of 💳 Cheerleaders (Organización Nacional de Porristas) (ONP) and the Mexican Organization of Trainers and Animation Groups (Organización Mexicana de Entrenadores y 💳 Grupos de Animación) (OMEGA Mexico), these being the largest in the country.[104]
In 2021, the third edition of the National Championship 💳 of State Teams was held and organized by The Mexican Federation of Cheerleaders and Cheerleading Groups, on this occasion, the 💳 event was held virtually, broadcasting live, through the Vimeo platform.
Mexican Cheer of the Global Stage
In Mexico there are more than 💳 500 teams and almost 10,000 athletes who practice this sport, in addition to a representative national team of Mexico, which 💳 won first place in the cheerleading world championship organized by the ICU (International Cheer Union) on April 24, 2015, receiving 💳 a gold medal;[105] In 2016, Mexico became the second country with the most medals in the world in this sport.
With 💳 27 medals, it is considered the second world power in this sport, only behind the United States.
[106] In the 2019 💳 Coed Premier World Cheerleading Championship Mexico ranked 4th just behind the United States, Canada and Taiwan.
In 2021, the Mexican team 💳 won 3rd place at the Junior Boom category in World Cheerleading Championship 2021 hosted by international cheerleading federation.[107][108]
Cheerleading in the 💳 United Kingdom
This section has a link to a separate Wikipedia page that talks about the history and growth of cheerleading 💳 in the United Kingdom.
This can be used to compare and contrast the activity in the U.S and in Australia.
Cheerleading in 💳 Australia
This section has a link to a separate Wikipedia page that talks about the history and growth of cheerleading in 💳 Australia.
This can be used to compare and contrast the activity in the U.S and in Australia.
Notable former cheerleaders
This section has 💳 a link to a separate Wikipedia page that lists former cheerleaders and well-known cheerleading squads.
See alsoReferences
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