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    This article is about the poker game. For other uses, see Texas hold 'em

    (disambiguation)

    Variation of the card game of ⚽️ poker

    Texas hold 'em Texas hold 'em

    involves community cards available to all players. Alternative names Hold 'em Type

    Community card ⚽️ poker Players 2+, usually 2–10 Skills Probability, psychology, game

    theory, strategy Cards 52 Deck French Rank (high→low) A K Q ⚽️ J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (A

    when used in a Straight) Play Clockwise Chance Medium

    Texas ⚽️ hold 'em (also known as

    Texas holdem, hold 'em, and holdem) is one of the most popular variants of the ⚽️ card

    game of poker. Two cards, known as hole cards, are dealt face down to each player, and

    then five ⚽️ community cards are dealt face up in three stages. The stages consist of a

    series of three cards ("the flop"), ⚽️ later an additional single card ("the turn" or

    "fourth street"), and a final card ("the river" or "fifth street"). Each ⚽️ player seeks

    the best five-card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards: the five

    community cards and their ⚽️ two hole cards. Players have betting options to check, call,

    raise, or fold. Rounds of betting take place before the ⚽️ flop is dealt and after each

    subsequent deal. The player who has the best hand and has not folded by ⚽️ the end of all

    betting rounds wins all of the money bet for the hand, known as the pot. In ⚽️ certain

    situations, a "split pot" or "tie" can occur when two players have hands of equivalent

    value. This is also ⚽️ called "chop the pot". Texas hold 'em is also the H game featured

    in HORSE and HOSE.

    Objective [ edit ]

    In ⚽️ Texas hold 'em, as in all variants of poker,

    individuals compete for an amount of money or chips contributed by ⚽️ the players

    themselves (called the pot). Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the

    control of the players, each ⚽️ player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot

    based on the hand they are holding,[1] and on ⚽️ their prediction as to what their

    opponents may be holding and how they might behave.

    The game is divided into a ⚽️ series

    of hands (deals); at the conclusion of each hand, the pot is typically awarded to one

    player (an exception ⚽️ in which the pot is divided between two or more is discussed

    below). A hand may end at the showdown, ⚽️ in which case the remaining players compare

    their hands and the highest hand is awarded the pot; that highest hand ⚽️ is usually held

    by only one player, but can be held by more in the case of a tie. The ⚽️ other possibility

    for the conclusion of a hand occurs when all but one player have folded and have

    thereby abandoned ⚽️ any claim to the pot, in which case the pot is awarded to the player

    who has not folded.[1]

    The objective ⚽️ of winning players is not to win every individual

    hand, but rather to win over the longer term by making ⚽️ mathematically and

    psychologically better decisions regarding when and how much to bet, raise, call or

    fold. Winning poker players work ⚽️ to enhance their opponents' betting and maximize their

    own expected gain on each round of betting, to thereby increase their ⚽️ long-term

    winnings.[1]

    History [ edit ]

    Johnny Moss, Chill Wills, Amarillo Slim, Jack Binion, and

    Puggy Pearson outside Binion's Horseshoe in Las ⚽️ Vegas in 1974

    Although little is known

    about the invention of Texas hold 'em, the Texas Legislature officially recognizes

    Robstown, Texas, ⚽️ as the game's birthplace, dating it to the early 20th

    century.[2]

    After the game spread throughout Texas, hold 'em was introduced ⚽️ to Las

    Vegas in 1963 at the California Club by Corky McCorquodale. The game became popular and

    quickly spread to ⚽️ the Golden Nugget, Stardust and Dunes.[3] In 1967, a group of Texan

    gamblers and card players, including Crandell Addington, Doyle ⚽️ Brunson, and Amarillo

    Slim were playing in Las Vegas. This is when "ace high" was changed from the original

    form ⚽️ in which aces were low.[4] Addington said the first time he saw the game was in

    1959. "They didn't call ⚽️ it Texas hold 'em at the time, they just called it hold 'em.… I

    thought then that if it were ⚽️ to catch on, it would become the game. Draw poker, you bet

    only twice; hold 'em, you bet four times. ⚽️ That meant you could play strategically. This

    was more of a thinking man's game."[5]

    For several years the Golden Nugget Casino ⚽️ in

    Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game. At that time,

    the Golden ⚽️ Nugget's poker room was "truly a 'sawdust joint,' with…oiled sawdust

    covering the floors."[6] Because of its location and decor, this ⚽️ poker room did not

    receive many rich drop-in clients, and as a result, professional players sought a more

    prominent location. ⚽️ In 1969, the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas

    hold 'em at the entrance of the now-demolished Dunes ⚽️ Casino on the Las Vegas Strip.

    This prominent location, and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold

    'em, ⚽️ resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players.[6]

    After a failed

    attempt to establish a "Gambling Fraternity Convention", Tom Moore ⚽️ added the first ever

    poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969. This

    tournament featured several ⚽️ games including Texas hold 'em. In 1970, Benny and Jack

    Binion acquired the rights to this convention, renamed it the ⚽️ World Series of Poker,

    and moved it to their casino, Binion's Horseshoe, in Las Vegas. After its first year, a

    ⚽️ journalist, Tom Thackrey, suggested that the main event of this tournament should be

    no-limit Texas hold 'em. The Binions agreed ⚽️ and ever since no-limit Texas hold 'em has

    been played as the main event.[6] Interest in the main event continued ⚽️ to grow steadily

    over the next two decades. After receiving only eight entrants in 1972, the numbers

    grew to over ⚽️ one hundred entrants in 1982, and over two hundred in

    1991.[7][8][9]

    During this time, B & G Publishing Co., Inc. published ⚽️ Doyle Brunson's

    revolutionary poker strategy guide, Super/System.[10] Despite being self-published and

    priced atR$100 in 1978, the book revolutionized the way ⚽️ poker was played. It was one of

    the first books to discuss Texas hold 'em, and is today cited as ⚽️ one of the most

    important books on this game.[11] In 1983, Al Alvarez published The Biggest Game in

    Town, a ⚽️ book detailing a 1981 World Series of Poker event.[12] The first book of its

    kind, it described the world of ⚽️ professional poker players and the World Series of

    Poker. Alvarez's book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature ⚽️ and with

    bringing Texas hold 'em (and poker generally) to a wider audience.[13] Alvarez's book

    was not the first book ⚽️ about poker. The Education of a Poker Player by Herbert Yardley,

    a former U.S. government code breaker, was published in ⚽️ 1957.

    Interest in hold 'em

    outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well. Although California had legal

    card ⚽️ rooms offering draw poker, Texas hold 'em was deemed to be prohibited under a

    statute that made illegal the (now ⚽️ unheard of) game "stud-horse". But in 1988 Texas

    hold 'em was declared legally distinct from stud-horse in Tibbetts v. Van ⚽️ De Kamp,[14]

    and declared to be a game of skill.[15] Almost immediately card rooms across the state

    offered Texas hold ⚽️ 'em.[16] It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold 'em

    was a game of skill,[17] but the distinction ⚽️ between skill and chance has never entered

    into California jurisprudence regarding poker. [18]

    After a trip to Las Vegas,

    bookmakers Terry ⚽️ Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in

    the early 1980s.[citation needed]

    Popularity [ edit ]

    Texas hold ⚽️ 'em is now one of the

    most popular forms of poker.[19][20] Texas hold 'em's popularity surged in the 2000s

    due ⚽️ to exposure on television, the Internet and popular literature. During this time

    hold 'em replaced seven-card stud as the most ⚽️ common game in U.S. casinos.[21] The

    no-limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World ⚽️ Series of

    Poker (WSOP) and the World Poker Tour (WPT).

    Hold 'em's simplicity and popularity have

    inspired a wide variety of ⚽️ strategy books that provide recommendations for proper play.

    Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few ⚽️ hands but

    betting and raising often with the hands one plays.[22] In the first decade of the

    twenty-first century, Texas ⚽️ hold 'em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide.[21]

    Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors: the ⚽️ invention of

    online poker, the game's appearance in film and on television, invention and usage of

    the "hole card cam" ⚽️ (which allowed viewers to see hole cards played in the hand as a

    means of determining strategy and decision-making during ⚽️ gameplay), the appearance of

    television commercials advertising online cardrooms, and the 2003 World Series of Poker

    championship victory by online ⚽️ qualifier Chris Moneymaker.[23]

    Television and film [

    edit ]

    Prior to poker becoming widely televised, the movie Rounders (1998), starring

    Matt Damon ⚽️ and Edward Norton, gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of

    life despite the poker portrayed ⚽️ being often criticized by more serious

    players.[citation needed] Texas hold 'em was the main game played during the movie and

    ⚽️ the no-limit variety was described, following Doyle Brunson, as the "Cadillac of

    Poker". A clip of the classic showdown between ⚽️ Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the

    1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film.[24] More recently, ⚽️ a

    high-stakes Texas hold 'em game was central to the plot of the 2006 James Bond film

    Casino Royale, in ⚽️ place of baccarat, the casino game central to the novel on which the

    film was based. In 2008, an acclaimed ⚽️ short film called Shark Out of Water was released

    on DVD. This film is unique in that it deals with ⚽️ the darker, more addictive elements

    of the game, and features Phil Hellmuth and Brad Booth.

    Hold 'em tournaments had been

    televised ⚽️ since the late 1970s, but they did not become popular until 1999, when hidden

    lipstick cameras were first used to ⚽️ show players' private hole cards on the Late Night

    Poker TV show in the United Kingdom.[25] Hold 'em exploded in ⚽️ popularity as a spectator

    sport in the United States and Canada in early 2003, when the World Poker Tour adopted

    ⚽️ the lipstick cameras idea. A few months later, ESPN's coverage of the 2003 World Series

    of Poker featured the unexpected ⚽️ victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker, an

    amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of ⚽️ online

    tournaments. Moneymaker's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the series

    (along with internet poker), based on the ⚽️ egalitarian idea that anyone—even a rank

    novice—could become a world champion.[26]

    In 2003, there were 839 entrants in the WSOP

    main ⚽️ event,[27] and triple that number in 2004.[28] The crowning of the 2004 WSOP

    champion, Greg "Fossilman" Raymer, a patent attorney ⚽️ from Connecticut, further fueled

    the popularity of the event among amateur (and particularly Internet) players.[29] In

    the 2005 main event, ⚽️ an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize

    ofR$7,500,000. The winner, Joe Hachem of Australia, was a semi-professional player.[30]

    ⚽️ This growth continued in 2006, with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize

    ofR$12,000,000 (won by Jamie Gold).[31]

    Beyond the series, ⚽️ other television

    shows—including the long running World Poker Tour—are credited with increasing the

    popularity of Texas hold 'em.[32] In addition ⚽️ to its presence on network and general

    audience cable television,[33] poker has now become a regular part of sports networks'

    ⚽️ programming in the United States.[34]

    Literature [ edit ]

    The English journalist and

    biographer Anthony Holden spent a year on the professional ⚽️ poker circuit from 1988 to

    1989 and wrote about his experiences in Big Deal: A Year as a Professional Poker

    ⚽️ Player. The follow-up book, Bigger Deal: A Year Inside the Poker Boom covers the period

    2005–2006 and describes a poker ⚽️ world "changed beyond recognition".[35]

    Twenty years

    after the publication of Alvarez's groundbreaking book, James McManus published a

    semi-autobiographical book, Positively Fifth ⚽️ Street (2003), which simultaneously

    describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus's own entry into

    the 2000 ⚽️ World Series of Poker.[36] McManus, a poker amateur, finished fifth in the

    no-limit Texas hold 'em main event, winning overR$200,000.[37] ⚽️ In the book McManus

    discusses events surrounding the series, the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish,

    poker strategy, and ⚽️ some history of poker and the world series.

    Michael Craig's 2005

    book The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King details ⚽️ a series of high-stakes

    Texas hold 'em one-on-one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of

    poker ⚽️ professionals. As of 2006, these games were the highest stakes ever played,

    reachingR$100,000–$200,000 fixed limit.[38]

    Online poker [ edit ]

    Poker revenues ⚽️ from

    Party Gaming (2002–2006). The drop off in 2006 is due to the UIGEA.

    The ability to play

    cheaply and anonymously ⚽️ online has been credited as a cause of the increase in

    popularity of Texas hold 'em.[26] Online poker sites both ⚽️ allow people to try out games

    (in some cases the games are entirely free to play and are just for ⚽️ fun social

    experiences) and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments (like the

    World Series of Poker) via ⚽️ smaller tournaments known as satellites. The 2003 and 2004

    winners (Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, respectively) of the World Series ⚽️ no-limit

    hold 'em main event qualified by playing in these tournaments.[39][40]

    Although online

    poker grew from its inception in 1998 until ⚽️ 2003, Moneymaker's win and the appearance

    of television advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in

    2004.[41][42]

    Rules ⚽️ [ edit ]

    Betting structures [ edit ]

    A standard hold 'em game

    showing the position of the blinds relative to the ⚽️ dealer button

    Hold 'em is normally

    played using small and big blind bets—forced bets by two players. Antes (forced

    contributions by ⚽️ all players) may be used in addition to blinds, particularly in later

    stages of tournament play. A dealer button is ⚽️ used to represent the player in the

    dealer position; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand, changing the

    position ⚽️ of the dealer and blinds. The small blind is posted by the player to the left

    of the dealer and ⚽️ is usually equal to half of the big blind. The big blind, posted by

    the player to the left of ⚽️ the small blind, is equal to the minimum bet. In tournament

    poker, the blind/ante structure periodically increases as the tournament ⚽️ progresses.

    After one round of betting is done, the next betting round will start by the person in

    the small ⚽️ blind.

    When only two players remain, special "head-to-head" or "heads up"

    rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently. In ⚽️ this case, the person with

    the dealer button posts the small blind, while their opponent places the big blind. The

    ⚽️ dealer acts first before the flop. After the flop, the dealer acts last and continues

    to do so for the ⚽️ remainder of the hand.

    The three most common variations of hold 'em

    are limit hold 'em, no-limit hold 'em and pot-limit ⚽️ hold 'em. Limit hold 'em has

    historically been the most popular form of hold 'em found in casino live action ⚽️ games

    in the United States.[21] In limit hold 'em, bets and raises during the first two

    rounds of betting (pre-flop ⚽️ and flop) must be equal to the big blind; this amount is

    called the small bet. In the next two ⚽️ rounds of betting (turn and river), bets and

    raises must be equal to twice the big blind; this amount is ⚽️ called the big

    bet.

    No-limit hold 'em has grown in popularity and is the form most commonly found in

    televised tournament ⚽️ poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series

    of Poker. In no-limit hold 'em, ⚽️ players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum

    raise up to all of the chips the player has ⚽️ at the table (called an all-in bet). The

    minimum raise is equal to the size of the previous bet or ⚽️ raise. If someone wishes to

    re-raise, they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise. For example, if

    ⚽️ the big blind isR$2 and there is a raise ofR$6 to a total ofR$8, a re-raise must be at

    leastR$6 ⚽️ more for a total ofR$14. If a raise or re-raise is all-in and does not equal

    the size of the ⚽️ previous raise (or half the size in some casinos), the initial raiser

    cannot re-raise again (in case there are other ⚽️ players also still in the game). In

    pot-limit hold 'em, the maximum raise is the current size of the pot ⚽️ (including the

    amount needed to call).

    Some casinos that offer hold 'em also allow the player to the

    left of the ⚽️ big blind to post an optional live straddle, usually double the amount of

    the big blind. This causes that player ⚽️ to act as the big blind and the player has an

    option to raise when it comes to their turn ⚽️ again. (Some variations allow for straddle

    on the button). No-limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles, in any amount that

    ⚽️ would be a legal raise.[10]

    Play of the hand [ edit ]

    Each player is dealt two private

    cards in hold 'em, ⚽️ which are dealt first.

    This video shows how to deal a hand for Texas

    hold 'em and some of the types ⚽️ of hands needed in order to win.

    Following a shuffle of

    the cards, play begins with each player being dealt two ⚽️ cards face down, with the

    player in the small blind receiving the first card and the player in the button ⚽️ seat

    receiving the last card dealt. (As in most poker games, the deck is a standard 52-card

    deck containing no ⚽️ jokers.) These cards are the players' hole or pocket cards. These

    are the only cards each player will receive individually, ⚽️ and they will (possibly) be

    revealed only at the showdown, making Texas hold 'em a closed poker game.

    The hand

    begins ⚽️ with a "pre-flop" betting round, beginning with the player to the left of the

    big blind (or the player to ⚽️ the left of the dealer, if no blinds are used) and

    continuing clockwise. A round of betting continues until every ⚽️ player has folded, put

    in all of their chips, or matched the amount put in by all other active players. ⚽️ See

    betting for a detailed account. Note that the blinds are considered "live" in the

    pre-flop betting round, meaning that ⚽️ they are counted toward the amount that the blind

    player must contribute. If all players call around to the player ⚽️ in the big blind

    position, that player may either check or raise.

    After the pre-flop betting round,

    assuming there remain at ⚽️ least two players taking part in the hand, the dealer deals a

    flop: three face-up community cards. The flop is ⚽️ followed by a second betting round.

    This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer's left ⚽️ and

    continue clockwise.

    After the flop betting round ends, a single community card (called

    the turn or fourth street) is dealt, ⚽️ followed by a third betting round. A final single

    community card (called the river or fifth street) is then dealt, ⚽️ followed by a fourth

    betting round and the showdown, if necessary.

    In all casinos, the dealer will burn a

    card before ⚽️ the flop, turn, and river. Because of this burn, players who are betting

    cannot see the back of the next ⚽️ community card to come. This is done for traditional

    reasons, to avoid any possibility of a player knowing in advance ⚽️ the next card to be

    dealt due to its being marked.[10]

    The showdown [ edit ]

    If a player bets and all ⚽️ other

    players fold, then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show

    their hole cards. ⚽️ If two or more players remain after the final betting round, a

    showdown occurs. On the showdown, each player plays ⚽️ the best poker hand they can make

    from the seven cards comprising their two hole cards and the five community ⚽️ cards. A

    player may use both of their own two hole cards, only one, or none at all, to form

    ⚽️ their final five-card hand. If the five community cards form the player's best hand,

    then the player is said to ⚽️ be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot,

    because each other player can also use the ⚽️ same five cards to construct the same

    hand.[10]

    If the best hand is shared by more than one player, then the ⚽️ pot is split

    equally among them, with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in

    clockwise ⚽️ order. It is common for players to have closely valued, but not identically

    ranked hands. Nevertheless, one must be careful ⚽️ in determining the best hand; if the

    hand involves fewer than five cards, (such as two pair or three of ⚽️ a kind), then

    kickers are used to settle ties (see the second example below). The card's numerical

    rank is of ⚽️ sole importance; suit values are irrelevant in hold 'em.

    Hand values [ edit

    ]

    The following table shows the possible hand values ⚽️ in increasing order.

    Name

    Description Example High card Simple value of the card. Lowest: 2 – Highest: Ace (King

    in the ⚽️ example) Pair Two cards with the same value Two pairs Two times two cards with

    the same value Three of ⚽️ a kind Three cards with the same value Straight Sequence of 5

    cards in increasing value (Ace can precede 2 ⚽️ and follow up King), not of the same suit

    Flush 5 cards of the same suit, not in sequential order ⚽️ Full house Combination of three

    of a kind and a pair Four of a kind Four cards of the same ⚽️ value Straight flush

    Straight of the same suit

    Misdeal [ edit ]

    If the first or second card dealt is

    exposed, then ⚽️ this is considered a misdeal. The dealer then retrieves the card,

    reshuffles the deck, and again cuts the cards. However, ⚽️ if any other hole card is

    exposed due to a dealer error, the deal continues as usual. After completing the ⚽️ deal,

    the dealer replaces the exposed card with the top card on the deck, and the exposed

    card is then ⚽️ used as the burn card. If more than one hole card is exposed, a misdeal is

    declared by the dealer ⚽️ and the hand is dealt again from the beginning.[43] A misdeal is

    also declared if a player receives more than ⚽️ two hole cards by mistake (e.g. two cards

    stuck together).

    Examples [ edit ]

    Sample showdown [ edit ]

    Here is a sample

    ⚽️ showdown:

    Board

    Bob

    Carol

    Ted

    Alice

    Each player plays the best five-card hand they can

    make with the seven cards available. Below is the list of ⚽️ best hands each player

    has.

    Bob Three of a kind: fours Carol Flush: Ace high Ted Full house: Kings full of

    ⚽️ fours Alice Straight: Four to eight

    In this case, Ted wins as he has the best hand

    (full house). If arranged ⚽️ in order of hand strength from the strongest, it would be

    Ted's full house, Carol's flush, Alice's straight, and Bob's ⚽️ three of a kind.

    Sample

    hand [ edit ]

    The blinds for this example hand

    Here is a sample game involving four

    players. ⚽️ The players' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown, to give

    a better sense of what happens during ⚽️ play:

    Compulsory bets: Alice is the dealer. Bob,

    to Alice's left, posts a small blind ofR$1, and Carol posts a big ⚽️ blind

    ofR$2.

    Pre-flop: Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player, beginning with

    Bob and ending with herself. Ted ⚽️ must act first, being the first player after the big

    blind. Ted cannot check, because theR$2 big blind plays as ⚽️ a bet, and so folds. Alice

    calls theR$2. Bob adds an additionalR$1 to theR$1 small blind to call theR$2 total.

    ⚽️ Carol's blind is "live" (see blind), so there is the option to raise here, but Carol

    checks instead, ending the ⚽️ first betting round. The pot now containsR$6,R$2 from each

    of three players.

    Flop: Alice now burns a card and deals the ⚽️ flop of three face-up

    community cards, 9♣ K♣ 3♥. On this round, as on all subsequent rounds, the player on

    ⚽️ the dealer's left begins the betting. Bob checks, Carol opens forR$2, and Alice raises

    anotherR$2 (puts inR$4,R$2 to match Carol ⚽️ andR$2 to raise), making the total bet now

    facing BobR$4. Bob calls (puts inR$4,R$2 to match Carol's initial bet andR$2 ⚽️ to match

    Alice's raise). Carol calls as well, putting inR$2. The pot now containsR$18,R$6 from

    the last round andR$12 from ⚽️ three players this round.

    Turn: Alice now burns another

    card and deals the turn card face up. It is the 5♠. ⚽️ Bob checks, Carol checks, and Alice

    checks; the turn has been checked around. The pot still containsR$18.

    River: Alice

    burns another ⚽️ card and deals the final river card, the 9♦, making the final board 9♣ K♣

    3♥ 5♠ 9♦. Bob betsR$4, ⚽️ Carol calls, and Alice folds (Alice's holding was A♣ 7♣ and was

    hoping the river card would be a club ⚽️ to make a flush).

    Showdown: Bob shows his hand of

    Q♠ 9♥, so the best five-card hand possible is 9♣ 9♦ ⚽️ 9♥ K♣ Q♠, for three nines, with a

    king-queen kicker. Carol shows her cards of K♠ J♥, making a final ⚽️ hand K♣ K♠ 9♣ 9♦ J♥

    for two pair, kings and nines, with a jack kicker. Bob wins the showdown ⚽️ and theR$26

    pot.

    Kickers and ties [ edit ]

    Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold

    'em, different players' ⚽️ hands can often run very close in value. As a result, it is

    common for kickers to be used to ⚽️ determine the winning hand and also for two hands (or

    maybe more) to tie. A kicker is a card that ⚽️ is part of the five-card poker hand, but is

    not used in determining a hand's rank. For instance, in the ⚽️ hand A-A-A-K-Q, the king

    and queen are kickers.

    The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking

    ties with kickers and card ⚽️ ranks, as well as the use of the five-card rule. After the

    turn, the board and players' hole cards are ⚽️ as follows.

    Board (after the

    turn)

    Bob

    Carol

    At the moment, Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q♠ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥ ⚽️ K♥, making

    two pair, queens and eights, with a king kicker. This beats Carol's hand of Q♥ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥

    ⚽️ 10♦ by virtue of the king kicker.

    Suppose the final card is the A♠, making the final

    board 8♠ Q♣ 8♥ ⚽️ 4♣ A♠. Bob and Carol still each have two pair (queens and eights), but

    both of them are now entitled ⚽️ to play the final ace as their fifth card, making their

    hands both two pair, queens and eights, with an ⚽️ ace kicker. Bob's king no longer plays,

    because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both ⚽️ hands, and a hand is only

    composed of the best five cards. They therefore tie and split the pot. However, ⚽️ if the

    last card is a jack or lower (except an eight, which would make a full house, or a ⚽️ ten,

    which would give Carol a higher second pair), Bob's king stays in the game and Bob

    wins.

    Strategy [ edit ⚽️ ]

    Most poker authors recommend a tight-aggressive approach to

    playing Texas hold 'em. This strategy involves playing relatively few hands (tight),

    ⚽️ but betting and raising often with those that one does play (aggressive).[22] Although

    this strategy is often recommended, some professional ⚽️ players successfully employ other

    strategies as well.[22]

    Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order

    of play ⚽️ (known as position) is an important element of Texas hold 'em strategy,

    particularly in no-limit hold'em.[1] Players who act later ⚽️ have more information than

    players who act earlier. As a result, players typically play fewer hands from early

    positions than ⚽️ later positions.

    Because of the game's level of complexity, it has

    received some attention from academics. One attempt to develop a ⚽️ quantitative model of

    a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success,[44]

    although the full consequences ⚽️ for optimal strategies remain to be explored. In

    addition, groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University worked ⚽️ to

    develop poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial

    intelligence.[45][46] In January 2024, the AAAS journal Science ⚽️ reported that the group

    at the University of Alberta had succeeded in coding a computer program called Cepheus

    that can ⚽️ learn from its playing experience to optimize its CFR algorithm and approach

    playing perfection when opposing strong players in the ⚽️ variant known as heads-up limit

    Texas Hold 'em, which involves only two players. Although it does not win every hand,

    ⚽️ it is unbeatable on average over a large number of hands. The program exhibits more

    variation in its tactics than ⚽️ professional players do, for instance bluffing with weak

    hands that professional players tend to fold.[47][48][49] Public web access to observe

    ⚽️ and play against Cepheus is available.[50]

    Starting hands [ edit ]

    A pair of aces is

    statistically the best hand to be ⚽️ dealt in Texas Hold'em Poker.

    Because only two cards

    are dealt to each player, it is easy to characterize all of ⚽️ the starting hands. There

    are (52 × 51)/2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard

    52-card ⚽️ deck. Because no suit is more powerful than another, many of these can be

    equated for the analysis of starting-hand ⚽️ strategy. For example, although J♥ J♣ and J♦

    J♠ are distinct combinations of cards by rank and suit, they are ⚽️ of equal value as

    starting hands.

    Because of this equivalence, there are only 169 effectively different

    hole-card combinations. Thirteen of these ⚽️ are pairs, from deuces (twos) to aces. There

    are 78 ways to have two cards of different rank (12 possible ⚽️ hands containing one ace,

    11 possible hands containing one king but no ace, 10 possible hands containing one

    queen but ⚽️ no ace or king, etc.). Both hole cards can be used in a flush if they are

    suited, but pairs ⚽️ are never suited, so there would be 13 possible pairs, 78 possible

    suited non-pairs, and 78 possible unsuited ("off-suit") non-pairs, ⚽️ for a total of 169

    possible hands.[51] Suited starting hands are stronger than their unsuited

    counterparts, although the magnitude of ⚽️ this strength advantage in different games is

    debated.[52]

    Because of the limited number of starting hands, most strategy guides

    include a ⚽️ detailed discussion of each of them. This distinguishes hold 'em from other

    poker games where the number of starting card ⚽️ combinations forces strategy guides to

    group hands into broad categories. Another result of this small number is the

    proliferation of ⚽️ colloquial names for individual hands.

    Strategic differences in

    betting structures [ edit ]

    Texas Hold'em is commonly played both as a "cash" ⚽️ or "ring"

    game and as a tournament game. Strategy for these different forms can vary.

    Cash games

    [ edit ]

    Before the ⚽️ advent of poker tournaments, all poker games were played with real

    money where players bet actual currency (or chips that ⚽️ represented currency). Games

    that feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are

    referred to as ⚽️ "cash games" or "ring games".

    The no-limit and fixed-limit cash-game

    versions of hold 'em are strategically very different. Doyle Brunson claims ⚽️ that "the

    games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both

    types ⚽️ of hold 'em. Many no-limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit, while

    limit players often lack the courage and ⚽️ 'feel' necessary to excel at no-limit."[10]

    Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games, the ability to bluff ⚽️ is somewhat

    curtailed. Because one is not (usually) risking all of one's chips in limit poker,

    players are sometimes advised ⚽️ to take more chances.[10]

    Lower-stakes games also exhibit

    different properties than higher-stakes games. Small-stakes games often involve more

    players in each ⚽️ hand and can vary from extremely passive (little raising and betting)

    to extremely aggressive (many raises). This difference of small-stakes ⚽️ games has

    prompted several books dedicated to only those games.[53]

    Tournaments [ edit ]

    Texas

    hold 'em is often associated with poker ⚽️ tournaments largely because it is played as the

    main event in many of the famous tournaments, including the World Series ⚽️ of Poker's

    Main Event, and is the most common tournament overall.[54] Traditionally, a poker

    tournament is played with chips that ⚽️ represent a player's stake in the tournament.

    Standard play allows all entrants to "buy-in" for a fixed amount and all ⚽️ players begin

    with an equal value of chips. Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the

    chips in play ⚽️ or a deal is made among the remaining players to "chop" the remaining

    prize pool. The money pool is redistributed ⚽️ to the players in relation to the place

    they finished in the tournament. Only a small percentage of the players ⚽️ receive any

    money, with the majority receiving nothing. "The percentages are not standardized, but

    common rules of thumb call for ⚽️ one table" (usually nine players) "to get paid for each

    100 entrants," according to poker author Andrew Glazer, in his ⚽️ book, The Complete

    Idiot's Guide to Poker.[55] A good rule of thumb is that close to 10% of players will

    ⚽️ be paid in a tournament. As a result, the strategy in poker tournaments can be very

    different from a cash ⚽️ game.

    Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on

    the amount of chips one has, the stage of the tournament, ⚽️ the amount of chips others

    have, and the playing styles of one's opponents.[22] Although some authors still

    recommend a tight ⚽️ playing style, others recommend looser play (playing more hands) in

    tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games. In ⚽️ tournaments the blinds and

    antes increase regularly, and can become much larger near the end of the tournament.

    This can ⚽️ force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds

    were small, which can warrant both ⚽️ more loose and more aggressive play.[56]

    Evaluating

    a hand [ edit ]

    One of the most important things in Texas hold'em is ⚽️ knowing how to

    evaluate a hand. The strategy of playing each hand can be very different according to

    the strength ⚽️ of the hand. For example, on a strong hand, a player might want to try to

    appear weak in order ⚽️ to not scare off other players with weaker hands, while on a weak

    hand, a player might try to bluff ⚽️ other players into folding.

    There are several ways to

    evaluate hand strength; two of the most common are counting outs and ⚽️ using

    calculators.

    Counting outs [ edit ]

    This method consists of counting the cards still in

    the deck, which in combination with ⚽️ the cards the player already has can give the

    player a potentially winning hand. Such cards are called "outs", and ⚽️ hand strength can

    be measured by how many outs are still in the deck (if there are many outs then ⚽️ the

    probability to get one of them is high and therefore the hand is strong). The following

    chart[57] determines the ⚽️ probability of hitting outs (bettering the player's hand)

    based on how many cards are left in the deck and the ⚽️ draw type.

    Outs One Card % Two

    Card % One Card Odds Two Card Odds Draw Type 1 2% 4% 46 ⚽️ 23 Inside Straight Flush 2 4%

    8% 22 12 Pocket Pair to Set 3 7% 13% 14 7 One Overcard ⚽️ 4 9% 17% 10 5 Inside Straight /

    Two Pair to Full House 5 11% 20% 8 4 One Pair ⚽️ to Two Pair or Trips 6 13% 24% 6.7 3.2 No

    Pair to Pair / Two Overcards 7 15% 28% ⚽️ 5.6 2.6 Inside Straight & One Overcard 8 17% 32%

    4.7 2.2 Open Straight 9 19% 35% 4.1 1.9 Flush ⚽️ 10 22% 38% 3.6 1.6 Inside Straight & Two

    Overcards 11 24% 42% 3.2 1.4 Open Straight & One Overcard ⚽️ 12 26% 45% 2.8 1.2 Flush &

    Inside Straight / Flush & One Overcard 13 28% 48% 2.5 1.1 14 ⚽️ 30% 51% 2.3 0.95 Open

    Straight & Two Overcards 15 33% 54% 2.1 0.85 Flush & Two Overcards / Flush ⚽️ & Open Ended

    Straight / Flush & Inside Straight & One Overcard 16 34% 57% 1.9 0.75 17 37% 60% ⚽️ 1.7

    0.66

    Multiplying the number of outs by two or four (the Two Times Rule or Four Times

    Rule) gives a ⚽️ reasonable approximation to the One Card % or Two Card %, respectively,

    in the above table.[58] For example, an open ⚽️ straight draw on the flop has 8 outs so

    the odds to hit the straight on the turn is 16% ⚽️ (8 x 2) and the odds on the river is

    32% (8 x 4).

    Calculators [ edit ]

    Calculators are poker tools ⚽️ that calculate the odds

    of a hand (combined with the cards on the table if there are any) to win ⚽️ the game.

    Calculators provide precise odds but they cannot be used in live games and are

    therefore mostly used on ⚽️ Internet poker games. The first known commercial poker

    calculator was marketed by Mike Caro. Michael Shackleford, the Wizard of Odds, ⚽️ later

    made one available to the public free of charge on his website.[59]

    Similar games [

    edit ]

    There are several other ⚽️ poker variants that resemble Texas hold 'em. Hold 'em is

    a member of a class of poker games known as ⚽️ community card games, where some cards are

    available for use by all the players. There are several other games that ⚽️ use five

    community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus like Texas hold 'em.

    Royal hold 'em ⚽️ has the same structure as Texas hold 'em, but the deck contains only

    Aces, Kings, Queens, Jacks, and Tens.[60] Pineapple ⚽️ and Omaha hold 'em both vary the

    number of cards an individual receives before the flop (along with the rules ⚽️ regarding

    how they may be used to form a hand), but are dealt identically afterward.[61][62] In

    Double Texas Hold'em, each ⚽️ player receives 3 hole cards and establishes a middle common

    card that plays with each of the other cards, but ⚽️ the outer cards don't play with each

    other (each player has two 2-card hands).[63][64][65] Alternatively, in Double-board

    hold'em all players ⚽️ receive the same number of private cards, but there are two sets of

    community cards. The winner is either selected ⚽️ for each individual board with each

    receiving half of the pot, or the best overall hand takes the entire pot, ⚽️ depending on

    the rules agreed upon by the players.[66]

    Another variant is known as Greek hold 'em

    which requires each player ⚽️ to use both hole cards and only 3 from the board instead of

    the best five of seven cards.[67][self-published source?][68]

    Manila ⚽️ is a hold'em

    variant that was once popular in Australia. In Manila, players receive two private

    cards from a reduced ⚽️ deck (containing no cards lower than 7). A five-card board is

    dealt, unlike Texas hold 'em, one card at a ⚽️ time; there is a betting round after each

    card. Manila has several variations of its own, similar to the variants ⚽️ listed

    above.[69]

    Six-plus hold 'em (also known as Short-deck hold 'em) is a community card

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    is dealt two cards face down and seeks to make ⚽️ his or her best five-card poker hand

    using from any combination of the seven cards (five community cards and their ⚽️ own two

    hole cards).[70]

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